Are you hot Essays - Family, Home Economics, Human Development

"Are you hot? Are you cold? Are you wearing that? Where's your books and your lunch and your homework at? Grab your coat and your gloves and your scarf and hat. Don't forget; you got to feed the cat!" (1) Anita Renfroe wrote these catchy words for the song "Momisms", sung to the familiar tune of the William Tell Overture. Her words best describe a typical day of mayhem through the eyes of a mother. Mothers who stay at home know that at times, their lives can be discombobulating. Despite the chaos, stay-at-home mothers get the tremendous responsibility of only having one chance of raising their children in such a way that makes a difference in their children's lives and in society. Throughout history, society has looked upon the male as the breadwinner: the one expected to work and support the family. The mother has been viewed as the nurturer: the one to stay home and raise the children. During the 1960's, women wanted more rights, power, and the ability to get higher paying jobs. Women were given this right so they expressed this new found freedom by going to work outside of the home. As women sought employment, their children were left to the care of babysitters and day care workers. Because society has redefined the role of a mother to be one who is an important element in the workforce, the loss of the mother in the home has led to the decline of the family unit, and thus, to society. This forfeiture has created a generation for whom social morals and values are not as important as they once were. Perhaps this is due to a working mother being absent from the home where she is unable to personally instill these ethical standards in her children, thus leavin g her children to receive their value system from strangers. "Society truly does begin at home", asserts Sibyl Niemann, so, in order to return to a culture with better morals and values, the importance of the role of the stay at home mother should be restored. (2) In this way, stay at home mothers can improve society. It is disappointing when mothers are devalued for staying at home to raise their children. Richard Lowry states, "There is something valuable in a mother's caring for her own child." (4) In general, no one can take care of your child in the same way his or her mother would. A mother's care is usually superior to daycare since she naturally wants what is best for her child. "According to a non-partisan Public Agenda survey in 2000, roughly 80 percent of parents with children five and younger say a stay-at-home parent is best able to give children the "affection and attention they need."" (qtd. in Lowry 4) A mother's individual care can also curb the aggression that is evident in day care centers. "A study done by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), reports that, kids in non-maternal care tend to be associated with qualities such as "gets in lots of fights," "cruelty," "explosive behavior," "talking too much," "argues a lot," and "demands a lot of attention."" (qtd. in Lowry 1) Teachers who work in a preschool environment, like my daughter, are frustrated with how badly the children usually behave. Workers in day care are governed by strict rules which prevent disciplining children the way one can do at home. This causes a disregard and loss of respect for others because many children grow up thinking they can do what they want. Today, many of the younger generation act like they are owed something. In the workplace, it is shocking to see the way they treat others with their degrading manners and think there is nothing wrong with their behavior. They a lso tend to have lazy work ethics and "cop an attitude" when asked to do anything extra. This makes it difficult for many employers to find hard working and respectful employees. It is important to note that not all children in daycare grow up to be aggressive and unproductive adults. Even though many women in the work force find raising children to be a very difficult task which leaves them feeling lonely and bored, they do a

the evaluation on smoking tobacco Essays

the evaluation on smoking tobacco Essays the evaluation on smoking tobacco Essay the evaluation on smoking tobacco Essay The evaluation of smoking As of 2008, there were 46 million adult smokers in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). That means 20. 6 percent of people over 18 expose themselves to the disadvantages of smoking cigarettes (Livestrong. com). Smoking usually begins at a young age and progresses through the years. Research says adolescents begin to smoke because it makes them look cool. Peer pressure is a major factor in the question, why do adolescents begin to smoke. Smoking also ppeals to young adults because most parents wont allow smoking, therefore, it becomes an adventure, or experiment. Before an adolescent realizes how dangerous smoking really is, they become addicted and become another CDC statistic. Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body, causes many diseases, and reduces the health of smokers in general. As I am sure most are aware, smoking is a huge health risk. If youre not a smoker being around a smoker is almost unbearable. Smokers have a distinct overpowering smell. Weather you smoke or are around a smoker you cannot escape the smell. The smell locks to your clothing and is hard to get rid of, and nearly impossible to mask. Not only is the smell disgusting, it is also embarrassing. Having parents that smoke I know the embarrassment from experience, youre suddenly the stinky kid in class and no one wants to be the stinky kid. Not only does the smell bother a nonsmoker, but second hand smoke is Just as dangerous as lighting a cigarette up yourself. WebMD states, When you breathe in smoke that comes from he end of a lit cigarette, cigar, or pipe (side stream smoke) or that is exhaled by a smoker (mainstream smoke), youre inhaling almost the same amount of chemicals as the smoker breathes in (WeMD. om). Not only are smokers putting themselves at risk, but they put everyone around them at the same risks they are exposing themselves to. IVe always had the conception that smokers dont care about anyone but themselves. Not only do smokers not care that they are exposing themselves to many health risks, but they are putting the people around them at the exact same risks. There is an endless amount of health risk s to smokers, most of which can be deadly. The national cancer institute claims there are 50 known cancer-causing agents in tobacco smoke. Ehow health states, Smoking is the leading cause of cancer and cancer-related deaths, and it has been linked to stomach, throat, mouth, kidney, bladder, blood and lung cancer (Ehow. com). Along with cancers, the tar and nicotine in tobacco causes yellowing of the teeth, cavities, tooth loss, and leaves you with an unpleasant smile. Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body, causes many iseases, and reduces the health of smokers in general. Smoking is close to my heart because I have grown up with it my entire life. I hate smoking; to me there are no advantages to it. Some experts say that smoking decreases the risk of obesity, causes to tobacco use, the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. To me cancer, cardiovascular disease, odor, and dental problems hugely outweigh the very few advantages. Im not a smoker, and never will be so I will never truly understand why tobacco smokers put not only their health at risk, but others around them.

Managing Activities to Achieve Results Assignment

Managing Activities to Achieve Results - Assignment Example ISO 14001 lays down certain tools and principles for efficient management of the environment and also can provide certificates to authenticate an organization’s adherence of principles. It does not enforce any compulsory rules for effective environmental activities, but provides a framework that can guide an organization towards achieving an effective system of environmental management. The principles set by ISO 14001 can be applied by any organization irrespective of its activity or sector. A company or organization that uses ISO 14001 can ensure proper assessment of environmental impacts and improvement steps can be duly taken. This can have a favorable impact on the management body of the company, its employees and external stakeholders. There are various advantages attached to ISO 14001. It can ensure effective management of environment impact which results in reduction of waster disposals and energy consumption. It can also enhance efficiency in the activity level of busi ness thereby minimizing costs incurred for running of the business. It also paves the way for developing opportunities needed for expansion of business. ISO 14001 can help the organization to abide by legal obligations and this can attract more stakeholders and gain high trust level of the customers. Finally, it prepares the organization to confidently adapt to changing structure of the business (ISO-14000 – Environmental management, 2013). Sutton Chemicals Ltd. I. Sutton Chemicals Ltd. manufactures chemicals and this is a hazardous activity. The company has a previous bad record of accidents and poor health and safety management. Problems relating to safety measures are not only present in the production area, but also members in the administration departments have been facing several accidents and mishaps. In many cases employees had to take three days leave from work in order to recover from injuries sustained during the accidents. Among the various reasons that have been attributed to the accidents in the administration departments are poor ventilation, incorrect chairs and badly adjusted computer monitors. For Sutton Chemicals Ltd., it is advisable to use the environmental standards set by ISO 14001. This will help the organization to assess and monitor environmental issues and their impacts, and likewise reduce the risks arising from the environment. Misuse or inefficient management of chemicals can cause many environmental perils. Chemicals can pollute the air and cause bad odour leading to respiratory problems and dizziness among workers. By adopting the ISO 14001 standards, organizational activities can be more effective with reduced risks which can benefit the company because costs can be curbed and profits can be enhanced. The environmental policies and regulations that are laid down by the ISO demand that â€Å"companies set specific, measurable and timely objectives and targets† (BSI helps to reduce..., n.d.). ISO 14001 can guide Sut ton Chemicals Ltd. to fulfill its mission of securing a cultural environment in the workplace with minimum risks related to health and safety. Also, the chemicals produced can be preserved and sustained with efficient management. It is essential in a chemical factory that chemicals be handled in safe manner as it is good not only for the workers and other employees but also good for the business. Proper and sustainable management of

Creating a Health Promotion Program for Type II Diabetics Essay

Creating a Health Promotion Program for Type II Diabetics - Essay Example Of course, not all goals will be met for all clients, but it is important to have an optimal objective. The main overall goal of the program is for clients to retain long-term exercise habits. The effective disease management program approaches the problem of diabetes in terms of access, prevention, diagnosis, and prevalence. This is seen as a positive move forward. Goals and methods of the diabetes disease management program include reducing morbidity and mortality. Diabetes often leads the patient to die of a related condition and the patient needs to be educated about risk first and foremost. This group of authors state that, â€Å"The goal is to not only to provide clinical information about new therapy, but also information about the effect of the therapy on aspects of life that are valued by patients, or health related quality of life† (Curtis et al., 13). It is important for evidence based professionals to know their clients and to improve their quality of life, in ways that decrease the incidences of diabetes. The quality of life problems and priorities of people with type II diabetes are various. Patients who cannot control their diabetes or are unable to may develop complications from the disease that are very serious, such as the risk of blindness, renal failure, and even the amputation of lower limbs. â€Å"Adjunctive referral to a diabetes support group may be helpful for some patients when complications arise. Establishing group involvement may be difficult at the stage when serious complications set in, however, because healthier members sometimes have difficulty accepting patients with complications† (Diabetes, 2005). This presents a barrier to the disease management plan for a group format because some patients may see those diabetics with severe complications such as blindness as a reflection their own future with the disease, and react negatively, thus

The relationship between unequal democracy and uneasy alliances Essay

The relationship between unequal democracy and uneasy alliances - Essay Example Scholars argue that politicians respond to the needs of all voters because of their desire to win elections. Paul contradicts this view by expounding on the economic gap that politicians create among Americans based on racial and political affiliation. He further explains that American politicians spend a great deal of resources and time on the majority who are white voters, at the expense of the minority black voters. The theory intimates that the two-party system in United States is responsible for the current state of affairs. Frymer argues that the establishment of the current party system distances the American minorities’ concerns from political agendas (Frymer 26). The system continues to limit opportunities for black Americans politically. Several American presidents facilitate this political isolation by distancing themselves from the needs of the African Americans. In addition, the Republican Party, which dominates most of the white populace, concentrates on the need s of the white voters. Frymer compares the black voters’ position in the American politics with that of minority social groups such as lesbians, gays and Christian right. According to Frymer, uneasy alliances are powerful challenges on how Americans view the relationship between democracy, black voters and political parties. The theory compares the impact of various political parties on the livelihoods of the black voters. It reveals that the Democratic Party establishes a close relationship with the African-American voters while the Republican Party relates well with the white voters.

Anonymity and Loss of Self in Crowd Theory

Anonymity and Loss of Self in Crowd Theory Phillip Tyler In locating and explaining the place of anonymity in the behaviour of crowds, and its association with a loss of self (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012), an appeal must be made to crowd behavioral theory and evidence to support these theories. This paper will look to the history of the study of crowds, the process of de-individuation and the theory of crowds based on a theory of social identity to provide a picture of the place of anonymity in crowd theory, and the association with loss of self. The first instance of anonymity being a quality significant to crowd behaviour, can be found in the work of Le Bon. Le Bon laid foundations for the psychological study of crowds with his 1895 text La Psychologie Des Foules, in which he described crowds in generally negative and unfavourable ways. He remarked on their tendency towards impulsive behaviours, to become easily irritated and their seeming inability to use reason to decide action (Le Bon, 1896). This last quality was among the most important for Le Bon, as he believed that the crowd lost any individuals rationality and, therefore, could not be rational in itself. Instead, there existed a group mind that the individual became a part of, and this experience brought to the fore deeply hidden tendencies for aggression, leading to similarly aggressive actions, all of which was made possible by the removal of the rationality of thinking actions through to their consequences. The crowd was highly open to emotional and ideological suggestion, with sentiment able to move through the crowd swiftly as if such things were contagious (Dixon and Mahen dra, 2012). All this was made possible by the key feature of anonymity. Actions could be performed without thought for consequence because it was the crowd, and not the individual, performing the action; the individual remains unseen or anonymous, and hence defers responsibility for said action from them personally, to the crowd. For Le Bon, anonymity and loss of individual self were clearly and strongly associated, as when becoming part of the group the individual gave up their individuality. Le Bons work was based largely on distanced observation and his work was unsupported by evidence as would be required by modern psychology. He also had little experience of being in a crowd himself, this coupled with his belonging to a higher social class, could have led to his negative outlook on crowds. Though, it is mostly the lack of evidence that makes Le Bons case for anonymity less convincing, his was a stepping stone for other theorists and researchers to take the quality of anonymity on to sturdier ground. Anonymity was defined more clearly by Festinger, Pepitone and Newcome in 1952 as a reduction in the individuals perceptions that they are, personally, being noticed and evaluated for responsibility for actions performed (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012). This sense of anonymity was key to their theory that claimed that this reduced perception allowed an individual to stop seeing themselves as singular, but more immersed in the group, which then led to a group or crowd being able to be more uninhibited and impulsive than any one individual, a process they called deindividuation. This theory replaced Le Bons and was able to be formalised for the gathering of evidence by stating requirements for deindividuation to occur, measuring psychological changes in people in the deindividuated state and observing changes in behaviours. The association with loss of self can also be seen here, as the individual stops seeing themselves as singularly responsible, and part of something larger. Zimbardo (1969) put forward that the individual feels less morally culpable for any harm the group may cause. It is for this reason that each member of the group feels less responsible for the actions of the group as a whole that more violent and aggressive behaviour is sometimes exhibited (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012). Zimbardo found that participants in a scenario where some wore masks and cloaks to hide their appearance, gave higher electric shocks to other participants, than those with their appearances un-masked (Zimbardo, 1969). Robert Watson (1973) found that those involved in violent clashes with other groups, who had first altered their appearance with masks or paint, perpetrated more acts of heightened and prolonged violence than those that did not. Some research seeks to take measurements other than violence or aggression as a measure of the effects of anonymity. Participants in a darkened room took to feeling more intimate towards one another other as was evidenced by their conversation, touching and feelings of sexual arousal (Gergen, Gergen and Barton, 1973), over participants in a non-darkened condition. This experiment shows that aggression isnt the only possible outcome of anonymity, and may not be an inevitable one. The anonymity provided by the darkness allowed for curiosity to develop, producing the conversation of a more serious and intimate nature than the other condition produced, allowing for the possibility that its the context of the crowd plus anonymity, rather than anonymity on its own, that influences crowd behaviour (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012). When general social rules are not applicable, such as meeting strangers in the dark, curiosity rather than aggression was the response. This may still represent a loss of self, though not a negatively focused, aggressive or violent one. The loss of self in this example could be seen a s a dropping of usual personal inhibitions, then cued by the context of the crowd to pursue personal conversation rather than the violence seen in the previous examples. If violence is the measurement taken by the experiment, then that feature is present in the crowd context and taken up by deinvididuated participants, when this is not the case, participants are not naturally violent. When masked and told to administer electric shocks to participants, those dressed as Ku Klux Klan members did so with marginally more intensity than those in unmasked Ku Klux Klan costumes. Though, those dressed in nurses uniformed did so significantly less, when masked, compared to unmasked nurses, and both KKK groups (Johnson and Downing, 1979). This suggests, quite strongly that there is a loss of self that comes with anonymity, but that the contextual cues taken by participants , for example, from being dressed as part of a group whos associated qualities involved caring and compassion, are significantly important. If anonymity and a mask produced more violent behaviour in KKK costumes than unmasked, it does follow that there is to be an increase in caring and compassion from those dressed as nurses, in the masked versus the unmasked condition, because the participant relies on the qualities of the group they are associated with, and its these qualities that become exaggerated. T his may be a loss of self through anonymity, but in becoming part of the group, the groups social identity cues become guides for behaviour. An alternate view to the way deindividuation theory looks at crowd behaviour is to say rather than becoming part of a group mind, or losing ones rationality to the crowd through anonymity, crowds are made up of people with similar, if broader, social identities, and that these identities are exaggerated, or brought to the fore, by being a member of this group. Football matches are a good example. People who may have nothing else in common, but support the same football team, for example, may act in unison as a group when at a football game, as the contextual cues bring these in-group qualities to the fore. Anonymous in a crowd in a football stadium and identifying with the social context, rather than losing ones self, crowd members act according to their social identity. It is this social identity that provides guidelines for behaviour, rather than being the cause of breakdown of all social rules, leading to violent or aggressive behaviour (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012). Motivated by the context to act in ways approved by in-group values and to demonstrate in-group membership, behaviour can sometimes be predicted more accurately because the individuals desire to remain as part of the in-group means they tend to adhere more to in-group behavioural norms. Adhering close to ones social identity, when in a social setting, does not necessarily represent a loss of self, as the qualitie s being displayed are part of the individual as a whole, it is simply the context they are in that bring them to the fore. When viewed from an outsiders point of view, crowd behaviour seems to include an inevitable loss of self, stemming from the individuals experience of anonymity that leads to aggression and violent tendencies in behaviour. When violence is not the measurement taken, other outcomes are shown that include intimacy and conversation. The view of social identity theory is that individuals in crowds do not necessarily experience a loss of self, rather it is that social identity informs behaviour and in-group values and behavioural norms are more likely to influence behaviour of the group than individual identity. References Dixon, J., and Mahendra, K. (2012) Crowds in Holloway, W., Lucey, H., Phoenix, A. and Lewis, G. (eds) Social Psychology Matters, Milton Keynes, The Open University. Festinger, L., Peptone, A. and Newcome, T. (1952) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p6. Gergen, K., Gergen, M. and Barton, W. (1973) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p10. Johnson, R. D. and Downing, L. L. (1979) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p8. Le Bon, G. (1896), as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p5. Watson, R. I. (1973) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p8. Zimbardo, P. G. (1969) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p6-7.

vegetarianism Essay -- Healthy Lifestyle Essay

To most people vegetarianism means the refraining of meat, primarily red meat, from personal consumption. Although the traditional vegetarian abstinence of red meat has grown into a group of varied lifestyles, little is known about them. To some people vegetarians are considered to be a drop out of the hippy era, or are labelled as "weird" or "feral". Because of the misinterpretations surrounding vegetarianism in society I am going to outline the various diets which are recognized as vegetarianism. I hope by writing this I can change some attitudes and misunderstandings, of the motivations behind the vegetarian lifestyles. Plain vegetarianism; the first and most recognized is the general abstinence of red meat, some vegetarians see the consumption of white meats as acceptable, white meat includes fish, poultry and maybe even pork. They also consume dairy produce, eggs and any other form of animal produce used in their everyday lives. Vegetarians replace the red meat in their diets with vegetables, fruit and other vegetarian alternatives, these are usually processed foods made from either soya or gluten, there are also vegetarian burgers, which are made from formed vegetables. One of the variations of the red meat vegetarian, which closely follows the above description, is the ovo-lacto vegetarianism diet, which finds diary produce and eggs acceptable but no meat at all. Not even white meat, some ovo-lacto vegetarians consider fish to be acceptable, this is because categorically speaking fish is not considered meat, it is still flesh, and in my opinion constitutes as meat. Another recognized version of vegetarianism is the lacto vegetarian kind. These vegetarians consider meat; red and white, to be unacceptable, they also abstain from eggs. Dairy products are also a part of the lacto vegetarian lifestyle, the lack of animal eggs in the diet of these vegetarians is made up in the form of egg replaces and even meat alternatives like tofu can be used to simulate some egg dishes. Another path taken by vegetarians is the, pure vegetarian or vegan lifestyle. Which includes the abstinence of meat of all kinds, dairy produce, eggs, and all edible animal produce. To some vegans the diet exceeds the boundaries of food and takes on a full-scale animal product boycott. This comes in the abstinence of leather, fur, wool, silk and any other animal p... ...getables such as kale are as good or better then milk as calcium sources.  · Fat content - Other then skim varieties, dairy products are high in fat, as a percentage of total calories: Whole milk - 49% fat Cheddar cheese - 74% fat Butter - 100% fat  · Contaminants - Milk is frequently contaminated with antibiotics and excess vitamin D. Of 42 milk samples recently tested, only 12 percent were within the expected rand of vitamin D content. Of ten samples of infant formula, seven had more then twice the vitamin D content then reported on the label, and one had more than four times the label amount.  · Lactose - Many people of Asian and African heritage are unable to digest the milk sugar, lactose, which then causes diarrhea and gas. The Lactose sugar, when it is digested, releases galactose, a simple sugar which is linked to ovarian cancer and cataracts.  · Allergies - Milk is one of the most common causes of food allergy. Often the symptoms are subtle and may not be attributed to milk for some time.  · Colic - Milk proteins can cause colic, a digestive upset that bothers one in five infants. Milk-drinking mothers can also pass cow's milk proteins to their breast-feeding infants. vegetarianism Essay -- Healthy Lifestyle Essay To most people vegetarianism means the refraining of meat, primarily red meat, from personal consumption. Although the traditional vegetarian abstinence of red meat has grown into a group of varied lifestyles, little is known about them. To some people vegetarians are considered to be a drop out of the hippy era, or are labelled as "weird" or "feral". Because of the misinterpretations surrounding vegetarianism in society I am going to outline the various diets which are recognized as vegetarianism. I hope by writing this I can change some attitudes and misunderstandings, of the motivations behind the vegetarian lifestyles. Plain vegetarianism; the first and most recognized is the general abstinence of red meat, some vegetarians see the consumption of white meats as acceptable, white meat includes fish, poultry and maybe even pork. They also consume dairy produce, eggs and any other form of animal produce used in their everyday lives. Vegetarians replace the red meat in their diets with vegetables, fruit and other vegetarian alternatives, these are usually processed foods made from either soya or gluten, there are also vegetarian burgers, which are made from formed vegetables. One of the variations of the red meat vegetarian, which closely follows the above description, is the ovo-lacto vegetarianism diet, which finds diary produce and eggs acceptable but no meat at all. Not even white meat, some ovo-lacto vegetarians consider fish to be acceptable, this is because categorically speaking fish is not considered meat, it is still flesh, and in my opinion constitutes as meat. Another recognized version of vegetarianism is the lacto vegetarian kind. These vegetarians consider meat; red and white, to be unacceptable, they also abstain from eggs. Dairy products are also a part of the lacto vegetarian lifestyle, the lack of animal eggs in the diet of these vegetarians is made up in the form of egg replaces and even meat alternatives like tofu can be used to simulate some egg dishes. Another path taken by vegetarians is the, pure vegetarian or vegan lifestyle. Which includes the abstinence of meat of all kinds, dairy produce, eggs, and all edible animal produce. To some vegans the diet exceeds the boundaries of food and takes on a full-scale animal product boycott. This comes in the abstinence of leather, fur, wool, silk and any other animal p... ...getables such as kale are as good or better then milk as calcium sources.  · Fat content - Other then skim varieties, dairy products are high in fat, as a percentage of total calories: Whole milk - 49% fat Cheddar cheese - 74% fat Butter - 100% fat  · Contaminants - Milk is frequently contaminated with antibiotics and excess vitamin D. Of 42 milk samples recently tested, only 12 percent were within the expected rand of vitamin D content. Of ten samples of infant formula, seven had more then twice the vitamin D content then reported on the label, and one had more than four times the label amount.  · Lactose - Many people of Asian and African heritage are unable to digest the milk sugar, lactose, which then causes diarrhea and gas. The Lactose sugar, when it is digested, releases galactose, a simple sugar which is linked to ovarian cancer and cataracts.  · Allergies - Milk is one of the most common causes of food allergy. Often the symptoms are subtle and may not be attributed to milk for some time.  · Colic - Milk proteins can cause colic, a digestive upset that bothers one in five infants. Milk-drinking mothers can also pass cow's milk proteins to their breast-feeding infants.

Orientation to Counseling Theory

Having extensively learnt about counseling theories, I have already decided on the theory that would fit my desired line of work. My desire is to work with the chemically dependent because I believe that there is hope for them and that through cognitive behavior therapy it is possible to help them stop their unhealthy way of life. I know I will be met with client resistance and that cognitive behavioral theory has its own limitations but I will handle these. The most important thing is that I will try to use this theory to help the chemically dependent. Cognitive behavioral theory proposes that cognition is important for behavior change.According to the theory, the thoughts an individual has affects their behaviors and if an individual has negative thoughts, it would be very difficult for the individual to positively change their behavior (Perkinson, 2002). In counseling, this theory is applied to help clients through cognitive behavior interventions where both behavior and cognitive strategies are employed to help solve their psychological and behavioral problems (Perkinson, 2002). The theory explains that by altering an individual’s thinking processes, an individual can clearly think about the choices that they make as well as the behaviors they engage in.The theory views behaviors such as chemical dependence as learned behaviors which are acquired through life experiences (Perkinson, 2002). The cognitive behavioral theory is a combination of two theories which are the behavioral theory and the cognitive theory. This theory fits both my personal beliefs and my value system. Personally I strongly believe in guarding what I let dominate my mind. I believe that if I let my mind dwell on negative aspects of life, my behavior will follow suit. I also believe that if I find myself having negative thoughts, the ability to alter my thinking and start thinking positively is in my hands.I also do not see substance abuse as having any positive effect whether on a person or on the society. In fact, to me substance dependence is a major source of problems in the society one of which is marriage breakups. This theory fits these beliefs and values in that the theory explains that by altering the thinking processes one can alter their behavior. This theory fits the chemically dependent perfectly. This is because in counseling them my main objective would be to change their behavior. To change their behavior I would need to help them recognize that they have a problem and then work towards changing their behavior.Chemical dependence is a learned behavior that is usually acquired following continued use of a given substance (Kadden, 2002). In most cases these substances are used to achieve certain results in the absence of other means. For example having realized that alcohol enables one to temporarily forget their problems, one would repeatedly drink in an attempt to forget his or her problems and at long last the individual would become addicted . Using this theory it is possible to help the addicted individuals learn about the triggers of their behavior which could be either the environment or certain people (Kadden, 2002).The individuals can then be helped to respond differently to these triggers using healthy means. This way the addicted individuals would stop being chemically dependent by changing their way of thinking and thus the way they respond to the triggers. To help my clients I would have to formulate treatment goals. To help my clients using the cognitive behavioral theory, together with the client we would try to identify the particular needs that the substances are being used to meet (Kadden, 2002). This would be one of my goals.To do this I would talk with the client and ask them several questions such as when they are most likely to drink in order to find the trigger. After identifying the trigger, as a counselor my second treatment goal would be to help the client develop skills that would provide the clie nt with alternative ways of meeting the needs that the substance is being used to meet (Kadden, 2002). This way I would help the client to change their behavior and thus stop being dependent on drugs. In order to achieve positive results using the cognitive behavioral theory, both the client and I as a counselor have roles to play.To begin with, the client must be willing to change his or her negative thoughts and replace them with positive thoughts-the client needs to actively participate in the therapy. The client has the responsibility of providing as much information as possible to me as a counselor, this way I would know which is the best therapeutic approach to the client’s problem. As a counselor my work is to listen to the client carefully and prod for questions to gather as much information as I can to be in a position to help the client. Another role is to provide coping-skills training to the client to enable the client respond alternatively to triggers.I also shou ld encourage the client. Resistance from clients cannot be ignored. I understand that the clients will not happily play their role and that they may find it difficult to expose themselves to me. However, I will try to deal with this resistance in a way that is consistent with cognitive behavioral theory. As a counselor I will need to know what the client hoped to gain from substance abuse in different circumstances and I expect some of the clients to be hesitant. This could be due to embarrassment such as when use of substance is the only way a client can feel comfortable in social situations.As a counselor I would handle this resistance with understanding and assure the client that what they were trying to get from substance abuse is not unreasonable. I would explain to the client that the desire to blend during social occasions is common to many people. This way I would have helped the client in cognition. In dealing with chemically dependent individuals using cognitive behavioral theory I would apply several therapeutic techniques. One of this is the coping skills training method. I would choose this method depending on the information given to me by the client.Using this method I would help the client choose or develop an alternative healthy way of meeting a need as an alternative to taking the addictive substances (Kadden, 2002). This is because development of coping skills is a major step towards recovery from chemical dependence. Another therapeutic method that I would apply would be the relapse prevention technique. I would choose this method depending on whether a client is at high risk of relapse. Using this method I would help the client stop being dependent on chemicals by helping them avoid high risk situations (Kadden, 2002).Cognitive behavioral theory though good for helping the chemically dependent, it has its own limitations. One of these is that it does not fit everyone which means that not everyone will get off drugs following treatment usin g cognitive behavioral therapy (Perkinson, 2002). This also applies to other populations and not only to the chemically dependent. Another thing is that it calls for active participation from the client and in case the client is not active, the therapy may be ineffective. Active participation comes in the form of assignments which can be very challenging (Perkinson, 2002).Another limitation is that the method uses a confrontational approach where clients are supposed to face their shortcomings head on (Perkinson, 2002). Many clients may find this very uncomfortable and this may lead to resistance. Another thing is that since the work of counselors in cognitive behavioral therapy is to make the clients face their faulty beliefs, there is risk of therapists misusing their position to push clients to adopt the therapist’s beliefs which would compromise the neutrality of therapy (Perkinson, 2002).Cognitive behavioral theory as an approach to helping the chemically dependent limit s the clients I can deal with as well as the kind of settings I can encounter. This is despite the fact that the approach is very successful both with adult and adolescent clients and can be used in a wide variety of settings which range from inpatient to outpatient settings (Wanberg & Milkman, 1998). Groups of clients to whom my expertise as a cognitive behavior therapist would be limited include the clients with DSM-IV personality disorders and clients who are medically unstable (Wanberg & Milkman, 1998).In addition, I cannot work with unmotivated clients since they would not actively participate in the therapy and this would make the therapy unsuccessful (Wanberg & Milkman, 1998). Other forms of challenges are related to limited time and costs. Due to cost containment, some of the clients are usually unable to complete their sessions as some of the managed care organizations are unwilling to cover all the required sessions (Kadden, 2002).The recommended sessions for one who is un dergoing cognitive behavior therapy are 24 sessions but most of the managed care organizations are only willing to cover 6 sessions (Kadden, 2002). This leaves the clients afraid that they have not had enough treatment and this poses a challenge to the therapist who should work towards boosting the client’s confidence by assuring the client that they can overcome their addiction by employing the skills already learnt (Kadden, 2002). Following my extensive research and study on the cognitive behavioral theory, I have learnt a lot.To begin with I have learnt that this therapeutic approach cannot be used on all the clients who are chemically dependent. I have learnt that there are groups of clients to whom this therapy has limited effectiveness. I have also learnt that I would need additional training if I were to change people’s lives by practicing this theory. The most relevant course that I would wish to pursue would be a course in substance abuse counseling. By doing such a course, I would gain in-depth knowledge on the issue of drug abuse and how to help the addicts.References Kadden, R. M. (2002). Cognitive-behavior therapy for substance dependence: Coping skills training. Retrieved 19 August, 2010 from http://www. bhrm. org/guidelines/CBT-Kadden. pdf Perkinson, R. R. (2002). Chemical dependency counseling: A practical guide. California: Sage Publications. Wanberg, K. W. & Milkman, H. B. (1998). Criminal conduct and substance abuse treatment: Strategies for self-improvement and change; a provider’s guide. California: Sage Publications.

Communication Breakdown(SARS) essays

Communication Breakdown(SARS) essays No communication, no government. Communication is crucial to public administration. It enables transmitting of information or inter-changing thoughts. Hence, effective communication ensures the maximization of 3Es, i.e. efficiency, economy and effectiveness. SARS is a global public health issue. It gripped everyone in the atmosphere of anxiety and horror. Hong Kong was the second-hardest-hit place in the world. After the outbreak in March 2003, the fatal disease has killed 299 people from 1755 infections in the territory. Facing this new and sudden crisis, it seems reasonable that more effective communication is needed for the Hong Kong government to combat SARS. However, Hong Kong government is blamed fir reacting too slow to this crisis due to its ineffective communication with its departments, the general public and the mainland officials. As the chairman of Democratic Party Dr. Yeung Sum commented, Hong Kong government needs more effective communication with both the public and mainland . In this essay, I am going to discuss the criteria of effective communication and state the communication failures at all levels during the SARS period. The main objective of a communication is to transmit a message. Hence, an effective communication would make the targeted audience to receive the messages without barriers or distortions. Therefore, reasonable time must be spent to allow transmitting sufficient information. Secondly, Communication is bilateral. Communication is not just merely transmitting message. Responds must be present . Hence, an effective communication will usually lead to and enable respond to the messages transmitted. Thirdly, a well-established channel for communication is also essential for an effective communication. The main function of the channels is to remove or reduce the obstacles in communication. This function is much more important, especially during crisis. For example, if there is a w...

Free Essays on The Reinforcement Of Authority

The Reinforcement of Authority Some might argue that Alexander Pope's "An Essay on Man" presents the viewpoint of a deist. Others might claim that the poem fails to exhibit Christian concepts of good and evil, especially since the poet concludes his first epistle with the seemingly unchristian claim that "WHATEVER IS, IS RIGHT." Yet, Pope's arguments actually reflect a traditional Christian perspective, which can be verified by comparing his poem with New Testament teachings. Like the writers of the New Testament, particularly the apostle Paul, Pope claims that pride and envy leads man to question the justice of God, and he insists that men submit to God, remaining content with their lot in life. First of all, the new science of Newton and the Enlightenment states, â€Å"The physical world could be understood through the ability of human reason to discern immutable mathematical laws that governed it.† In a political sense, many people claimed they had divine right and it was just accepted. So how in a bodily planet can we understand this? We must use reason to contemplate the facts. There are no mathematical laws to rule this and so we can rule this out. This would be right according to many philosophes because it didn’t violate natural laws, but not the deist. In the presence of the social classes, the new science reinforced the idea of a â€Å"machine like universe.† The traditional ways of mankind was changed and the presence of evil was included. Men claim that God's creation is imperfect because they mistakenly believe that everything was created specifically for them. Pope admits that, "if the great end be human Happiness, then Nature deviates" (I. 1. 149-150). He does not believe, however, that God created the world solely for man's happiness. Pride persuades men to consider their present felicity the core purpose of creation. "If Man alone engross not Heav'n's high care," (I. l. 119), if his pride is not satisfied by... Free Essays on The Reinforcement Of Authority Free Essays on The Reinforcement Of Authority The Reinforcement of Authority Some might argue that Alexander Pope's "An Essay on Man" presents the viewpoint of a deist. Others might claim that the poem fails to exhibit Christian concepts of good and evil, especially since the poet concludes his first epistle with the seemingly unchristian claim that "WHATEVER IS, IS RIGHT." Yet, Pope's arguments actually reflect a traditional Christian perspective, which can be verified by comparing his poem with New Testament teachings. Like the writers of the New Testament, particularly the apostle Paul, Pope claims that pride and envy leads man to question the justice of God, and he insists that men submit to God, remaining content with their lot in life. First of all, the new science of Newton and the Enlightenment states, â€Å"The physical world could be understood through the ability of human reason to discern immutable mathematical laws that governed it.† In a political sense, many people claimed they had divine right and it was just accepted. So how in a bodily planet can we understand this? We must use reason to contemplate the facts. There are no mathematical laws to rule this and so we can rule this out. This would be right according to many philosophes because it didn’t violate natural laws, but not the deist. In the presence of the social classes, the new science reinforced the idea of a â€Å"machine like universe.† The traditional ways of mankind was changed and the presence of evil was included. Men claim that God's creation is imperfect because they mistakenly believe that everything was created specifically for them. Pope admits that, "if the great end be human Happiness, then Nature deviates" (I. 1. 149-150). He does not believe, however, that God created the world solely for man's happiness. Pride persuades men to consider their present felicity the core purpose of creation. "If Man alone engross not Heav'n's high care," (I. l. 119), if his pride is not satisfied by...

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Ethics - Essay Example Nearly every citizen in the developed world is a customer to a bank or two. Banks are used in nearly every aspect of human lives, some apply for bank’s mortgages, while others apply for assets financing from the banks, and the payment of salaries through bank accounts heightened the need for everyone to operate a bank account in the country. The crisis therefore directly affected nearly every citizen. Whenever a bank makes losses, it does so with other people’s money in it, most banks used their clients money top run business and make profit, in a crisis such as the one experienced in 2009, most of these money therefore get absorbed up in the crisis resulting in direct losses to the very unsuspecting customers. The final major stakeholder in the financial sector is the government, who acts as the moderator in every crisis. The populace, in an attempt to coordinate the operation of activities especially in a democratic society, forms governments; some of the activities c oordinated by a typical government include the financial stability of a country. The country must have enough currency floating within its economy to enhance governance. However, when banks make losses most of the citizens lose faith in the banking sector, which results in the closure of bank accounts as, was experienced in the United Kingdom. This results in governance crisis since the economy fails to have enough money circulating at any one time, the lack of money circulating results in a series of negatively implicating activities most of which would eventually ground the operations of the government. Given this understanding, the British government bailed out a number of banks that has made enough loses resulting in their clients lining up to close their bank accounts. Such occurrences could have stalled the English economy, the government therefore bailed out banks in the country by offering them a seventy billion pounds financial aid. 1.2 The occurrence of the financial crisi s especially in the United Kingdom was purely a managerial issue. The number of banks has increased in the country, this followed the effective and substantial growth in the economy, when the economy becomes liberal, a majority of players comes on board to try the new business opportunities. The resulting competition made the business environment marked with a lot of uncertainty. Every business venture needed customer; they needed business to stay relevant to the market. Banks thus began the packaging of different products key among which was loans. Mortgages, asset financing and basic loans became very easy to access as most of the financial institutions relaxed their terms of borrowing. As more citizens and clients thronged tge banks for loans among other financial services, it was eminent that very soon the country would hit a financial snag. The banks had greatly relaxed their terms and conditions, getting a loan from any bank thus became a child’s play. The English marke t is one of the most aggressive in the world. They thus applied for loans from the banks sighting different reasons most of which the banks never ascertained their credibility. Most of the loaned customers had poor loan payment histories, which unfortunately the banks did not bother to look into. Most of the loaned customers began defaulting; some became unreachable resulting in a definite loss for most of the banks. This was a financial crisis in waiting, the economy plunged into bankruptcy which it

Deviation as an effective strategy for rhetorical effects Essay

Deviation as an effective strategy for rhetorical effects - Essay Example A portion of the critiques argue that the deviation in rhetoric settings infringe the rules of the normal language. For instance, Postner argues that a system of rules would kill poetry, disregarding the assumption that rules could determine the structure of poetry. It may be difficult to have norms for poetry (as each form of poetry will require its norm), but the category or difference from semiotic norms are indispensible in semiotic stylistics and rhetoric (99). Riffaterre expands these ideas by starting with the assumption that poetry expresses things and concepts indirectly, which occur in different forms of semantic and grammatical deviation. He develops a two-phase model for poetry reading (97). The first phase is where the reader encounters poetic ungrammaticalities based on their linguistic competence. At the heuristic stage, a mimetic or coherent referential interpretation is avoided as the reader faces difficulties resulting from textual indirection (saying a certain thing while meaning another). The retroactive (second) stage the reader successfully resolves mimetic deviations through interpreting them into a new system of semantic, thus the text acquires its intended poetic function (101). At extreme levels, mimetic ungrammaticalities become poetically grammatical. Examples of deviation in rhetoric include sentential adverb, omitting conjunctions, and understatement. For instance, writing that â€Å"he was a hero, a winner† rather than â€Å"he was a hero and a